Infant Baptism – Why Baptize a Baby?
When considering why some Christians baptize their infants rather than waiting for them to mature, we must first ask a foundational question: what is the point of baptism? To answer this, we need to look at the historic Christian understanding of a sacrament.
The Westminster Shorter Catechism defines a sacrament as “an holy ordinance instituted by Christ; wherein, by sensible signs, Christ, and the benefits of the new covenant, are represented, sealed, and applied to believers.”
Let's break down the two most important words in that definition: sign and seal.
- A Sign: A sacrament is a visible symbol of God's invisible grace. Think of a wedding ring; it's a physical sign of an unseen commitment. In baptism, the water is a powerful sign of the cleansing from sin that Jesus provides and the new life we receive from the Holy Spirit.
- A Seal: A sacrament is also God’s official seal, like a king's mark on a royal decree that guarantees a promise. Baptism is God's seal on His people, assuring them that the promises of the Gospel are for them personally.
Crucially, this view doesn't mean the act works like magic. The power of baptism isn't tied to the water itself but is made effective by the Holy Spirit through faith. For someone baptized as an infant, that personal faith can blossom years after the sign was first applied.
The Purpose and Command of Baptism
From this perspective, baptism is a sign and seal of several core Christian truths, and it is not an optional extra but a direct command from Jesus.
- A Sign of Union with Christ: Baptism vividly illustrates our union with Jesus in His death, burial, and resurrection. The Apostle Paul writes in Romans 6:3-4: “Do you not know that all of us who have been baptized into Christ Jesus were baptized into his death? We were buried therefore with him by baptism into death, in order that, just as Christ was raised from the dead by the glory of the Father, we too might walk in newness of life”.
- A Sign of Cleansing and Forgiveness: The water symbolizes the washing away of our sins. Ananias told Paul in Acts 22:16: “And now why do you wait? Rise and be baptized and wash away your sins, calling on his name”. On the day of Pentecost, Peter preached again from Acts 2:38: “And Peter said to them, ‘Repent and be baptized every one of you in the name of Jesus Christ for the forgiveness of your sins, and you will receive the gift of the Holy Spirit' “.
- A Sign of Entrance into the Church: Baptism is the formal initiation into the family of God, the visible church. “For in one Spirit we were all baptized into one body—Jews or Greeks, slaves or free—and all were made to drink of one Spirit” (1 Corinthians 12:13).
- A Command to Be Obeyed: Jesus Himself commanded baptism in the Great Commission: “Go therefore and make disciples of all nations, baptizing them in the name of the Father and of the Son and of the Holy Spirit, teaching them to observe all that I have commanded you. And behold, I am with you always, to the end of the age” (Matthew 28:19-20). The early church consistently followed this command, baptizing new believers immediately, as seen on the day of Pentecost in Acts 2:41: “So those who received his word were baptized, and there were added that day about three thousand souls.”), again with the Ethiopian Eunuch in Acts 8:36-38: “And as they were going along the road they came to some water, and the eunuch said, 'See, here is water! What prevents me from being baptized?' And he commanded the chariot to stop, and they both went down into the water, Philip and the eunuch, and he baptized him.”), and with Lydia and the Philippian Jailer in Acts 16:15, 33: “And after she was baptized, and her household as well, she urged us, saying, 'If you have judged me to be faithful to the Lord, come to my house and stay.' And she prevailed upon us...” Then beginning in verse 33 the Jailer “And he took them the same hour of the night and washed their wounds; and he was baptized at once, he and all his family.”).
The Old Testament Roots: From Circumcision to Baptism
To understand the timing of baptism for infants, we must look at how God has always worked with his people. This view is rooted in Covenant Theology— a framework for understanding the Bible that sees God relating to humanity primarily through two covenants: the Covenant of Works and the Covenant of Grace. It teaches that all of Scripture is a unified story of God's redemptive plan, which unfolds through these covenants and finds its ultimate fulfillment in the person and work of Jesus Christ.
God has long used water to symbolize cleansing and salvation. The apostle Peter in 1 Peter 3:20-21 connects Noah’s family being brought safely through the water of the flood to the salvation represented in baptism “...because they formerly did not obey, when God's patience waited in the days of Noah, while the ark was being prepared, in which a few, that is, eight persons, were brought safely through water. Baptism, which corresponds to this, now saves you, not as a removal of dirt from the body but as an appeal to God for a good conscience, through the resurrection of Jesus Christ”. Paul describes the Israelites' escape through the Red Sea as a type of baptism in 1 Corinthians 10:1-2: “For I do not want you to be unaware, brothers, that our fathers were all under the cloud, and all passed through the sea, and all were baptized into Moses in the cloud and in the sea”). The Old Testament law also included many ceremonial washings to symbolize purification from sin in Leviticus 14:8: “And he who is to be cleansed shall wash his clothes and shave off all his hair and bathe himself in water, and he shall be clean...” and Numbers 19:19: “And the clean person shall sprinkle it on the unclean on the third day and on the seventh day; thus on the seventh day he shall cleanse him, and he shall wash his clothes and bathe himself in water, and at evening he shall be clean.”.
However, the key connection is this: Baptism is the New Covenant replacement for circumcision.
In Genesis 17, God established His covenant with Abraham, and the sign of that covenant was circumcision. “You shall be circumcised in the flesh of your foreskins, and it shall be a sign of the covenant between me and you”.
Who received this sign? God commanded that it be applied not only to Abraham (the adult believer) but also to the male infants in his household: “He who is eight days old among you shall be circumcised. Every male throughout your generations, whether born in your house or bought with your money from any foreigner who is not of your offspring” Genesis 17:12. An infant was included in God's covenant family and received its sign because he was the child of a believer.
The Apostle Paul makes a direct link between these two signs in Colossians 2:11-12, stating that in Christ believers have a new kind of circumcision, “In him also you were circumcised with a circumcision made without hands, by putting off the body of the flesh, by the circumcision of Christ, having been buried with him in baptism, in which you were also raised with him through faith in the powerful working of God, who raised him from the dead.” This shows that baptism is the New Covenant fulfillment of the Old Covenant sign.
The core of God's promise is the same; only the outward sign has changed.
The Case for Baptizing Infants
Based on this link between the Old and New Covenants, the argument for infant baptism becomes clear. If infants of believers received the sign of the covenant then, they should receive the sign of the covenant now.
- The Promise Is for Children: Peter's sermon at Pentecost concludes with a promise that echoes this family-based covenant: “For the promise is for you and for your children and for all who are far off, everyone whom the Lord our God calls to himself “ Acts 2:39.
- Household Baptisms: The New Testament records the baptisms of entire households, such as Lydia's in Acts 16:15, and the Philippian Jailer's Acts 16:33, and the household of Stephanas i n 1 Corinthians 1:16: “(I did baptize also the household of Stephanas. Beyond that, I do not know whether I baptized anyone else.)”. In that culture, the term “household” naturally included children. Their exclusion would have been a major change from how God had always worked, yet it is never mentioned.
- The New Covenant Is Better, Not More Restrictive: The New Covenant is described as better in Hebrews 8:6: “But as it is, Christ has obtained a ministry that is as much more excellent than the old as the covenant he mediates is better, since it is enacted on better promises.”. It would be inconsistent for a better covenant to suddenly exclude children from being marked as members of the visible community when they had always been included before.
What About Faith? How Can a Baby Believe?
This brings us to the final, crucial question: How can it be right to baptize an infant who has no understanding of the act?
The answer lies in recognizing that baptism is primarily God's act, not ours. It is God who places His covenant sign and seal upon a person. The validity of God's promise doesn't depend on the recipient's immediate understanding. An eight-day-old Hebrew infant had zero understanding of the Abrahamic covenant, yet God commanded that he receive its sign. The sign was God's claim upon the child, marking him as part of His people.
This view does not diminish the necessity of faith for salvation; it simply does not demand that a profession of faith must always precede the sign. For an adult convert, faith comes first. For a child of believers, the sign is applied based on God's promises. That child is then raised “in the discipline and instruction of the Lord” – from the full text of Ephesians 6:4 “Fathers, do not provoke your children to anger, but bring them up in the discipline and instruction of the Lord.”, so calling them to personally embrace the realities to which their baptism pointed.
Baptism is not a one-time event to be forgotten, but a present reality to be lived out. Martin Luther famously said he would fight temptation by declaring, “I am baptized!” For one baptized as an infant, this means growing into the full understanding of what God declared over them at the beginning of their life. Their entire Christian walk becomes the process of living out the truths their baptism signified.
~ john