This Reformed Biblical Compendium is a systematic digital resource designed to restore the depth of 17th-century pastoral scholarship to the modern reader. Rather than relying on contemporary brief summaries, this work utilizes the "Large Contents" of the Westminster era—specifically the exhaustive outlines of Matthew Poole—to provide a granular, chapter-by-chapter roadmap of the entire biblical canon.
Pentateuch
I. Genesis
Author: Moses. Time of Writing: Written during the forty years' wandering in the wilderness, likely between 1450-1410 B.C. Audience: The church of Israel, to preserve the knowledge of the true God and the origin of the Covenant of Grace.
General Summary: Genesis is the book of "Beginnings." It records the creation of the world, the entrance of sin through the Fall, and the sovereign choice of a covenant people. It is foundational to Reformed theology as it establishes the Covenant of Works in Adam and the subsequent Covenant of Grace promised in the Seed of the Woman.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The creation of the heavens and earth and the institution of the Sabbath.
- Ch. 3: The Fall of Man and the first Gospel promise (Protoevangelium).
- Ch. 4-5: The history of the two seeds (Cain and Seth) and the antediluvian lineage.
- Ch. 6-9: The corruption of the world and the preservation of the Church through the Flood.
- Ch. 10-11: The dispersion of nations and the tower of Babel.
- Ch. 12-25: The calling of Abraham and the establishment of the Covenant of Circumcision.
- Ch. 26-36: The transmission of the Covenant to Isaac and Jacob (Israel).
- Ch. 37-50: The history of Joseph and the relocation of the Covenant family to Egypt.
II. Exodus
Author: Moses. Time of Writing: c. 1445-1405 B.C. Audience: The redeemed people of Israel, newly delivered from bondage.
General Summary: Exodus is the book of "Redemption." It illustrates the Reformed doctrine of deliverance from the bondage of sin into the liberty of Christ. It contains the giving of the Moral Law (the Ten Commandments) as the rule of life for the believer and the establishment of the Tabernacle as a type of Christ's presence among His people.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-4: The affliction of Israel and the preparation of Moses the Mediator.
- Ch. 5-11: The conflict between Jehovah and the idols of Egypt; the ten plagues.
- Ch. 12-15: The Passover Lamb (substitutionary atonement) and the exodus from Egypt.
- Ch. 16-18: The wilderness journey: Manna from heaven and water from the Rock.
- Ch. 19-20: The giving of the Law at Mount Sinai.
- Ch. 21-24: The Judicial Laws and the ratification of the Covenant.
- Ch. 25-31: The patterns and ordinances for the Tabernacle and Priesthood.
- Ch. 32-34: The breach of the Covenant (the Golden Calf) and its renewal.
- Ch. 35-40: The execution of the Tabernacle work and the descent of God's glory.
III. Leviticus
Author: Moses. Time of Writing: c. 1445 B.C., while Israel was encamped at Mount Sinai. Audience: The priests (Levites) and the congregation of Israel.
General Summary: Leviticus is the book of "Holiness" and "Access." It details the Ceremonial Law, which Reformed theology views as a shadow of Christ's work. The sacrifices point to the satisfaction of God's justice, and the purifications point to the sanctification of the believer.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-7: The five types of offerings and their symbolic significance.
- Ch. 8-10: The consecration of the Aaronical Priesthood and the judgment of Nadab and Abihu.
- Ch. 11-15: Laws concerning ceremonial purity and uncleanness.
- Ch. 16: The Day of Atonement (the High Priest entering the Holy of Holies).
- Ch. 17-22: Practical holiness: The moral and social separation of the people.
- Ch. 23: The sacred calendar: The seven annual feasts of the Lord.
- Ch. 24-27: The lampstand, the bread of the presence, and the laws of vows and tithes.
IV. Numbers
Author: Moses. Time of Writing: c. 1405 B.C., toward the end of the wilderness wanderings. Audience: The second generation of Israel.
General Summary: Numbers is the book of "Wandering and Preservation." It records the census of the tribes and the trials of the journey. It emphasizes God's faithfulness to His Covenant despite the persistent unbelief and rebellion of the people, showing that the Church is preserved by grace alone.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-4: The first census and the organization of the camp around the Tabernacle.
- Ch. 5-10: Laws of sanctification, the Nazarite vow, and the silver trumpets.
- Ch. 11-14: Murmurings, the report of the spies, and the judgment of forty years.
- Ch. 15-19: Laws for the land and the rebellion of Korah against the ministry.
- Ch. 20-21: The rock at Meribah, the death of Aaron, and the Bronze Serpent.
- Ch. 22-25: The history of Balaam and the preservation of Israel from curses.
- Ch. 26-27: The second census and the appointment of Joshua.
- Ch. 28-36: The regulation of offerings, the war with Midian, and the borders of the land.
V. Deuteronomy
Author: Moses (concluded by Joshua). Time of Writing: c. 1405 B.C., on the plains of Moab. Audience: The generation entering the Promised Land.
General Summary: Deuteronomy is the "Repetition of the Law." It is a series of pastoral sermons by Moses, applying the Covenant to the new generation. It teaches that obedience to God's Law is the necessary response of a people who have already been saved by His power.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-4: Historical review of God's guidance from Horeb to Moab.
- Ch. 5-11: The Ten Commandments repeated and the command to love God (Shema).
- Ch. 12-26: The detailed statutes concerning worship, government, and civil life.
- Ch. 27-30: The blessings and curses of the Covenant; the call to choose life.
- Ch. 31-34: The installation of Joshua, the Song of Moses, and his death on Nebo.
Historical Books
VI. Joshua
Author: Joshua (with the conclusion likely by Phinehas or Eleazar). Time of Writing: c. 1400-1370 B.C. Audience: The victorious nation of Israel entering their rest.
General Summary: The book of "The Promised Rest." It records the conquest and division of Canaan. In Reformed theology, Joshua is a prominent type of Christ (whose name in Greek is Jesus), who leads His people into the spiritual rest of the New Covenant. It demonstrates God's absolute faithfulness to His promises.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-5: Preparation for the conquest: The commission of Joshua and the crossing of Jordan.
- Ch. 6-12: The campaign of conquest: The fall of Jericho and the defeat of the Canaanite kings.
- Ch. 13-21: The division of the inheritance: The allotment of the land to the twelve tribes.
- Ch. 22-24: The covenant witness: The altar of witness and Joshua's final exhortation to serve the Lord.
VII. Judges
Author: Likely Samuel. Time of Writing: c. 1050-1000 B.C. Audience: Israel during the transition to the Monarchy.
General Summary: The book of "Failure and Deliverance." It chronicles the "cycle of apostasy": rebellion, oppression, supplication, and the raising of a judge. It illustrates the total depravity of man and the necessity of a King who is more than a man to rule the heart.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-3:6: The failure to complete the conquest and the root of apostasy.
- Ch. 3:7-16: The history of the major judges (Othniel, Ehud, Deborah, Gideon, Jephthah, Samson).
- Ch. 17-21: An appendix of anarchy: The idolatry of Micah and the Levite's concubine, showing that "every man did that which was right in his own eyes."
VIII. Ruth
Author: Likely Samuel. Time of Writing: c. 1011 B.C. Audience: Israel, to establish the Davidic lineage.
General Summary: The book of "The Kinsman-Redeemer." Set during the time of the Judges, it focuses on the providence of God in bringing a Gentile widow into the line of the Messiah. It beautifully illustrates the doctrine of redemption and the inclusion of the Gentiles into the Covenant of Grace.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The affliction in Moab and Ruth's covenantal loyalty to Naomi.
- Ch. 2: Ruth's providence in the field of Boaz.
- Ch. 3: The appeal to the Kinsman-Redeemer at the threshing floor.
- Ch. 4: The legal redemption of the inheritance and the genealogy of David.
IX. 1 & 2 Samuel
Author: Samuel, Nathan, and Gad. Time of Writing: c. 930 B.C. Audience: The kingdom of Israel under the Davidic Covenant.
General Summary: The establishment of the "Theocratic Kingdom." These books record the transition from judges to kings. The focus is the Davidic Covenant (2 Samuel 7), which Reformed theology sees as the formal establishment of the Messianic kingdom, where David serves as a type of Christ, the true King of Zion.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- 1 Sam 1-7: The ministry of Samuel and the loss/return of the Ark of the Covenant.
- 1 Sam 8-15: The rise and rejection of Saul, the king requested by the people.
- 1 Sam 16-31: The anointing of David and his trials under Saul's persecution.
- 2 Sam 1-10: The establishment of David's throne in Jerusalem.
- 2 Sam 11-20: David's sin, the judgment upon his house, and the rebellion of Absalom.
- 2 Sam 21-24: The closing acts and reflections of David's reign.
X. 1 & 2 Kings
Author: Likely Jeremiah or a prophetic contemporary. Time of Writing: c. 560-540 B.C. (During the Exile). Audience: The exiled people of Judah.
General Summary: The history of the "Divided Kingdom." It evaluates every king based on their faithfulness to the Covenant. It records the ministry of Elijah and Elisha as God's witnesses against idolatry and concludes with the destruction of Jerusalem, demonstrating that God's judgment is just but His promise to David remains.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- 1 Kings 1-11: The glory and apostasy of Solomon; the building of the Temple.
- 1 Kings 12-22: The division of the kingdom and the ministry of Elijah.
- 2 Kings 1-13: The ministry of Elisha and the continuing decline of both kingdoms.
- 2 Kings 14-17: The fall of the Northern Kingdom (Israel) to Assyria.
- 2 Kings 18-25: The final days of the Southern Kingdom (Judah) and the Babylonian Captivity.
XI. 1 & 2 Chronicles
Author: Likely Ezra. Time of Writing: c. 450-425 B.C. Audience: The post-exilic remnant returning to Jerusalem.
General Summary: A "Priestly History." Unlike Kings, which focuses on political failure, Chronicles focuses on the Temple and the Davidic line to encourage the returning exiles. It emphasizes that God's covenantal purposes continue through the worship of His house and the lineage of the coming King.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- 1 Chron 1-9: Genealogies from Adam to the Return, showing the continuity of the Church.
- 1 Chron 10-29: The reign of David, specifically his preparations for the Temple.
- 2 Chron 1-9: The reign of Solomon and the dedication of the Temple.
- 2 Chron 10-36: The history of the Kings of Judah, emphasizing religious reforms.
XII. Ezra & Nehemiah
Author: Ezra and Nehemiah. Time of Writing: c. 430 B.C. Audience: The post-exilic community.
General Summary: The books of "Restoration." They record the return from Babylon and the rebuilding of the altar, the temple (Ezra), and the walls (Nehemiah). They emphasize the sovereignty of God over Persian kings and the necessity of the Word of God in reforming the Church.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ezra 1-6: The first return under Zerubbabel and the rebuilding of the Temple.
- Ezra 7-10: The second return under Ezra and the reformation of the people.
- Neh 1-7: Nehemiah's return and the miraculous rebuilding of the walls.
- Neh 8-13: The reading of the Law, the confession of sin, and the final reforms.
XIII. Esther
Author: Likely Mordecai. Time of Writing: c. 470-450 B.C. Audience: The Jews of the Dispersion.
General Summary: The book of "Providence." Though the name of God is not mentioned, His hand is visible on every page. It demonstrates how God sovereignly preserves His people from annihilation among the nations, ensuring that the line of the Messiah is never cut off.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The exaltation of Esther to the Persian throne.
- Ch. 3-4: Haman's plot to destroy the Jews and Mordecai's appeal.
- Ch. 5-8: The intervention of Esther and the downfall of Haman.
- Ch. 9-10: The institution of the Feast of Purim and the honor of Mordecai.
Poetic & Wisdom Books
XIV. Job
Author: Uncertain; likely Job himself, Elihu, or Moses. Time of Writing: Patriarchal age (contemporary with or prior to Abraham). Audience: The Church of all ages.
General Summary: The book of "Divine Sovereignty and Providence." It addresses the mystery of why the righteous suffer. From a Reformed perspective, it vindicates God's absolute right to dispose of His creatures as He pleases, teaching that true faith rests in the character of God rather than the comprehension of circumstances.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The Prologue: Job's character, the heavenly council, and the loss of all things.
- Ch. 3-31: The Debates: Job's lament and three cycles of dialogue with his friends.
- Ch. 32-37: The Speech of Elihu: The preparation for God's appearance.
- Ch. 38-41: The Theophany: God speaks from the whirlwind, asserting His majesty.
- Ch. 42: The Epilogue: Job's repentance, intercession, and restoration.
XV. Psalms
Author: David, Asaph, the sons of Korah, Moses, Solomon, and others. Time of Writing: c. 1405-450 B.C. Audience: The worshiping Church of Israel.
General Summary: The "Anatomy of the Soul" and the Church's Prayer Book. Reformed theology emphasizes the Messianic nature of the Psalms, where Christ is both the singer and the subject. It covers the full range of Christian experience - from deepest lament to highest praise - always grounded in the Covenant.
Breakdown of Pericopes (Five Books):
- Book I (Ps 1-41): Primarily Davidic; focuses on the conflict between the godly and ungodly.
- Book II (Ps 42-72): Focuses on the suffering and deliverance of the King and the Church.
- Book III (Ps 73-89): Focuses on national lament and God's faithfulness to the sanctuary.
- Book IV (Ps 90-106): Focuses on God's eternal kingdom and Israel's wilderness history.
- Book V (Ps 107-150): Focuses on the return from exile, the Word (Ps 119), and Hallelujah praises.
XVI. Proverbs
Author: Solomon, Agur, and Lemuel. Time of Writing: c. 970-700 B.C. Audience: The youth of Israel and all seekers of wisdom.
General Summary: The book of "Practical Wisdom." In Reformed thought, "Wisdom" is not merely human sagacity but the fear of the Lord applied to life. Christ is seen as the Wisdom of God (Proverbs 8), and the book provides the moral law applied to the specific complexities of daily living.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-9: The Praise of Wisdom: Exhortations to seek wisdom and avoid the path of folly.
- Ch. 10-24: The Proverbs of Solomon: Short, pithy maxims for godly conduct.
- Ch. 25-29: Solomon's Proverbs collected by Hezekiah's men.
- Ch. 30-31: The Words of Agur and Lemuel: Including the portrait of the virtuous woman.
XVII. Ecclesiastes
Author: Solomon (The Preacher). Time of Writing: c. 935 B.C. Audience: The people of God under the sun.
General Summary: The book of "The Vanity of the World." It demonstrates the emptiness of life apart from God. Reformed commentators see this as a preparation for the Gospel, stripping away all earthly confidence so that the soul might find its rest only in the Creator and His commandments.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The vanity of wisdom, pleasure, and labor.
- Ch. 3-6: The sovereignty of God over time and the injustices of life.
- Ch. 7-11: Practical counsel for living in a fallen world.
- Ch. 12: The conclusion: "Remember your Creator" and "Fear God and keep his commandments."
XVIII. Song of Solomon
Author: Solomon. Time of Writing: c. 965 B.C. Audience: The people of Israel.
General Summary: The book of "The Spiritual Marriage." While historically a song of marital love, the Reformed tradition (following the Reformers and Puritans) has almost universally interpreted this as an allegory of the mystical union between Christ and His Church. It depicts the mutual love and delight of the Covenant King and His bride.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2:7: The mutual desire and meeting of the Bridegroom and the Bride.
- Ch. 2:8-3:5: The Bride's search and the invitation to fellowship.
- Ch. 3:6-5:1: The marriage procession and the delights of union.
- Ch. 5:2-6:3: The temporary withdrawal of the Bridegroom and the Bride's pursuit.
- Ch. 6:4-8:14: The beauty of the Bride and the permanence of their love.
Major Prophets
XIX. Isaiah
Author: Isaiah, the son of Amoz. Time of Writing: c. 740-680 B.C. (during the reigns of Uzziah, Jotham, Ahaz, and Hezekiah). Audience: The Kingdom of Judah and the city of Jerusalem.
General Summary: Known as the "Evangelical Prophet," Isaiah provides a grand vision of God's holiness and the coming of the Messiah. Reformed theology prizes this book for its clear exposition of the substitutionary atonement (Isaiah 53) and the establishment of the Church as the global Zion. It sets the pattern for the Gospel: conviction of sin followed by the promise of free grace.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-6: The indictment of Judah and the vision of God's holiness in the Temple.
- Ch. 7-12: The Book of Immanuel: Prophecies of the Virgin Birth and the Prince of Peace.
- Ch. 13-23: Judgments against the pagan nations (Babylon, Assyria, Tyre, etc.).
- Ch. 24-27: The "Little Apocalypse": Visions of God's victory over the world and death.
- Ch. 28-35: Woes against the alliance with Egypt and the promise of the coming King.
- Ch. 36-39: Historical transition: The deliverance of Jerusalem and the Babylonian threat.
- Ch. 40-48: The Comfort of Israel: The transcendence of God over idols and the call of Cyrus.
- Ch. 49-57: The Suffering Servant: The person and work of Christ in redeeming His people.
- Ch. 58-66: The future glory of the Church and the New Heavens and New Earth.
XX. Jeremiah
Author: Jeremiah, the son of Hilkiah. Time of Writing: c. 627-580 B.C. Audience: The people of Judah before and during the Babylonian captivity.
General Summary: The book of "The New Covenant." Jeremiah was called to "pluck up and to pull down" but also "to build and to plant." It captures the sorrow of a prophet witnessing the judgment of a Covenant-breaking people. Its theological peak is the promise of a New Covenant where God writes His Law upon the hearts of His people, a central tenet of Reformed Federal (Covenant) Theology.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The call of Jeremiah and the two visions of the almond rod and seething pot.
- Ch. 2-20: Early prophecies and warnings against the backsliding of Judah.
- Ch. 21-25: Specific rebukes of the kings and the seventy-year captivity announced.
- Ch. 26-29: Jeremiah's conflict with false prophets and his letter to the exiles.
- Ch. 30-33: The Book of Consolation: Restoration and the promise of the New Covenant.
- Ch. 34-39: The siege and fall of Jerusalem and the fate of Zedekiah.
- Ch. 40-45: The aftermath in Judah and Egypt; the ministry to Baruch.
- Ch. 46-51: Prophecies against the nations (Egypt, Philistia, Moab, Babylon).
- Ch. 52: Historical appendix: The destruction of the Temple and the preservation of Jehoiachin.
XXI. Lamentations
Author: Jeremiah. Time of Writing: Shortly after the fall of Jerusalem in 586 B.C. Audience: The mourning survivors of the Babylonian conquest.
General Summary: A collection of five acrostic poems of grief. It provides a theological framework for suffering: acknowledging that judgment is the righteous act of a holy God, yet finding hope in His covenantal faithfulness. "Great is Thy faithfulness" (Lamentations 3:23) is the anchor for the soul amidst total ruin.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The lonely city: Jerusalem's widowhood and her confession of sin.
- Ch. 2: The divine judgment: God's hand in the destruction of the sanctuary.
- Ch. 3: The personal and communal hope: Faith in God's mercies amidst affliction.
- Ch. 4: The contrast of glory and shame: The horrors of the siege.
- Ch. 5: The prayer for restoration: A final plea for God to turn His people back to Himself.
XXII. Ezekiel
Author: Ezekiel, the son of Buzi (a priest). Time of Writing: c. 593-571 B.C. Audience: The Jewish exiles by the River Chebar in Babylon.
General Summary: The book of "The Divine Presence." Ezekiel emphasizes the Glory of God and the necessity of the New Birth. Reformed writers often point to Ezekiel 36 as the Old Testament's clearest explanation of Monergism - God sovereignly giving a "heart of flesh" to those who are spiritually dead.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-3: The vision of the chariot-throne and the commission of the Watchman.
- Ch. 4-24: Prophecies of the doom of Jerusalem and the departure of God's Glory.
- Ch. 25-32: Oracles of judgment against the seven nations surrounding Israel.
- Ch. 33-39: The restoration of Israel: The true Shepherd, the dry bones, and the victory over Gog.
- Ch. 40-48: The vision of the New Temple: The restored worship and the healing waters.
XXIII. Daniel
Author: Daniel (Belteshazzar). Time of Writing: c. 535 B.C. Audience: The Jews in captivity and the Church under Gentile dominion.
General Summary: The book of "The Sovereignty of the Most High." It combines historical narrative with apocalyptic prophecy to show that God rules the kingdoms of men. It is the primary Old Testament source for the "Son of Man" title and provides the chronological "Seventy Weeks" roadmap for the appearance and death of the Messiah.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The training of the four youths in Babylon; their refusal to be defiled.
- Ch. 2: Nebuchadnezzar's dream: The statue of four kingdoms and the stone that fills the earth.
- Ch. 3: The fiery furnace: God's preservation of His faithful servants.
- Ch. 4: The humiliation of Nebuchadnezzar and his acknowledgment of God's reign.
- Ch. 5: Belshazzar's feast and the writing on the wall.
- Ch. 6: Daniel in the lions' den: The power of prayer and divine protection.
- Ch. 7: The vision of the four beasts and the "Son of Man" approaching the Ancient of Days.
- Ch. 8: The vision of the ram and the goat: The rise of the Grecian empire.
- Ch. 9: Daniel's prayer of confession and the prophecy of the Seventy Weeks.
- Ch. 10-12: Final visions of the spiritual conflict and the resurrection of the dead.
Minor Prophets
XXIV. Hosea
Author: Hosea. Time of Writing: c. 750-715 B.C. Audience: The Northern Kingdom (Ephraim/Israel).
General Summary: The book of "Spiritual Adultery." Hosea's own marriage to a faithless wife serves as a living parable of Israel's breach of the Covenant. It emphasizes the total depravity of the heart and God's sovereign, pursuing love that will eventually restore a remnant.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-3: Hosea's marriage and children as signs of Israel's rejection and future restoration.
- Ch. 4-13: The Indictment: God's controversy with Israel over idolatry and social decay.
- Ch. 14: The Call to Repentance and the promise of healing by free grace.
XXV. Joel
Author: Joel. Time of Writing: c. 835 B.C. (or post-exilic). Audience: Judah.
General Summary: The book of "The Day of the Lord." Using a devastating locust plague as a type of divine judgment, Joel calls for heart-felt repentance. It is famous in Reformed pneumatology for the promise of the outpouring of the Spirit (Joel 2:28), fulfilled at Pentecost.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The present judgment of the locusts and the call to lament.
- Ch. 2: The coming Day of the Lord and the promise of the Holy Spirit.
- Ch. 3: The judgment of the nations and the ultimate blessing of God's people.
XXVI. Amos
Author: Amos (a herdsman of Tekoa). Time of Writing: c. 760-750 B.C. Audience: The Northern Kingdom (Israel).
General Summary: The book of "Social Justice and Covenant Law." Amos rebukes those who hold to outward religious forms while oppressing the poor. It teaches that true worship is inseparable from a life of righteousness.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: Judgments on the surrounding nations and finally on Israel and Judah.
- Ch. 3-6: Three sermons of judgment against the luxury and pride of Samaria.
- Ch. 7-9:10: Five visions of destruction (Locusts, Fire, Plumb Line, Fruit, Temple).
- Ch. 9:11-15: The Messianic promise: The restoration of the fallen booth of David.
XXVII. Obadiah
Author: Obadiah. Time of Writing: c. 586 B.C. Audience: Edom and Judah.
General Summary: The shortest book, focusing on "The Judgment of Edom." It serves as a warning against pride and against those who rejoice in the afflictions of God's Church. It concludes with the triumph of Mount Zion.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- v. 1-9: The humiliation of Edom's pride.
- v. 10-14: The specific sin of Edom: Violence against their brother Jacob.
- v. 15-21: The Day of the Lord upon all nations and the victory of Israel.
XXVIII. Jonah
Author: Jonah. Time of Writing: c. 760 B.C. Audience: Israel and Nineveh.
General Summary: The book of "God's Sovereignty in Salvation." Often misinterpreted as a mere children's story, Reformed commentators see it as a rebuke of Jewish particularism and a demonstration that "Salvation is of the Lord" (Jonah 2:9), extending even to the Gentiles.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: Jonah's flight and the sovereignty of God over the sea.
- Ch. 2: Jonah's prayer and deliverance from the great fish.
- Ch. 3: The preaching to Nineveh and the repentance of the city.
- Ch. 4: Jonah's anger and God's defense of His mercy.
XXIX. Micah
Author: Micah. Time of Writing: c. 735-700 B.C. Audience: Israel and Judah.
General Summary: A summary of the Prophetic message. Micah denounces the greed of the ruling classes and provides one of the clearest prophecies of Christ's birthplace (Micah 5:2).
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-3: Judgments against Samaria and Jerusalem for social oppression.
- Ch. 4-5: The future glory of the Mountain of the Lord and the Ruler from Bethlehem.
- Ch. 6-7: God's lawsuit against His people and the final plea for mercy.
XXX. Nahum
Author: Nahum. Time of Writing: c. 630 B.C. Audience: Nineveh and Judah.
General Summary: The book of "God's Vengeance." A sequel to Jonah, it shows that God's patience has limits. It comforts Judah by declaring the certain destruction of their cruel Assyrian oppressors.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The majesty of God in judgment and His goodness to those who trust Him.
- Ch. 2-3: The vivid description of the fall and ruin of Nineveh.
XXXI. Habakkuk
Author: Habakkuk. Time of Writing: c. 605 B.C. Audience: Judah.
General Summary: The book of "Faith Amidst Confusion." Habakkuk questions why God would use a more wicked nation (Babylon) to punish Judah. It contains the central Reformation text: "The just shall live by his faith" (Habakkuk 2:4).
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: Habakkuk's complaints regarding the rise of the Chaldeans.
- Ch. 2: God's answer: The "five woes" against the proud and the call to wait in faith.
- Ch. 3: Habakkuk's prayer and song of praise for God's past and future salvation.
XXXII. Zephaniah
Author: Zephaniah. Time of Writing: c. 630-625 B.C. Audience: Judah.
General Summary: The book of "The Remnant." It warns of a "universal" judgment but promises that God will leave a "humble and lowly people" who trust in the name of the Lord.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The announcement of the sweeping "Day of the Lord."
- Ch. 2: The call to seek the Lord and the judgment of the surrounding nations.
- Ch. 3: The sin of Jerusalem and the promise of the restoration of the remnant.
XXXIII. Haggai
Author: Haggai. Time of Writing: 520 B.C. Audience: The post-exilic remnant in Jerusalem.
General Summary: The book of "Priorities." Haggai rebukes the people for building their own "ceiled houses" while the House of God lies in ruins. It emphasizes that the glory of the second temple would be greater because Christ would enter it.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The rebuke for neglecting the Temple and the restart of the work.
- Ch. 2: The encouragement of the builders and the promise of future glory.
XXXIV. Zechariah
Author: Zechariah. Time of Writing: c. 520-480 B.C. Audience: The post-exilic remnant.
General Summary: The most Messianic of the Minor Prophets. It uses apocalyptic visions to encourage the rebuilding of the Temple, looking forward to the "Branch" and the King who comes riding on a colt.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-6: Eight night visions concerning the restoration of Jerusalem.
- Ch. 7-8: The question of fasting and the promise of future joy.
- Ch. 9-14: The two "burdens": The coming King, His rejection, and His final victory.
XXXV. Malachi
Author: Malachi. Time of Writing: c. 430 B.C. Audience: The post-exilic community.
General Summary: The book of "Covenant Fidelity." Malachi addresses the spiritual lethargy that set in after the return. It closes the Old Testament with the promise of the "Messenger" (John the Baptist) and the "Sun of Righteousness."
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: God's love for Jacob and a rebuke of the priests' corrupt sacrifices.
- Ch. 2: A rebuke of unfaithfulness in marriage and the breach of the covenant.
- Ch. 3: The promise of the Messenger and the warning of the coming judgment.
- Ch. 4: The final promise of the Day of the Lord and the return of Elijah.
Gospels
XXXVI. Matthew
Author: Matthew (Levi), the apostle and former tax collector. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 50-60. Audience: Primarily Jewish converts.
General Summary: The Gospel of the "Messianic King." Matthew bridge the Old and New Testaments by demonstrating how Jesus is the son of David and the son of Abraham. It emphasizes the fulfillment of prophecy and the authority of Christ's teaching as the "New Moses" who gives the true exposition of the Law.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The genealogy and birth of the King; the flight to Egypt.
- Ch. 3-4: The ministry of John the Baptist, the baptism of Jesus, and His temptation.
- Ch. 5-7: The Sermon on the Mount: The ethics of the Kingdom.
- Ch. 8-10: Miracles of authority and the commissioning of the Twelve.
- Ch. 11-13: Growing opposition and the parables of the Kingdom.
- Ch. 14-18: The confession of Peter and the transfiguration of Christ.
- Ch. 19-25: The journey to Jerusalem and the Olivet Discourse on the end of the age.
- Ch. 26-28: The passion, resurrection, and the Great Commission to all nations.
XXXVII. Mark
Author: John Mark (companion of Peter and Paul). Time of Writing: c. A.D. 55-65. Audience: Roman Christians (Gentiles).
General Summary: The Gospel of the "Divine Servant." Mark is a fast-paced narrative focusing on the actions and sufferings of Jesus. It presents Christ as the Servant of the Lord who came "not to be served, but to serve, and to give his life as a ransom for many."
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The beginning of the Gospel and the ministry in Galilee.
- Ch. 2-3: Conflict with the Pharisees over authority and the Sabbath.
- Ch. 4-5: Parables of the seed and power over nature, demons, and death.
- Ch. 6-8: The feeding of the multitudes and Peter's confession.
- Ch. 9-10: The cost of discipleship and the journey toward the Cross.
- Ch. 11-13: The triumphal entry and the cleansing of the Temple.
- Ch. 14-15: The betrayal, trial, and crucifixion of the Son of God.
- Ch. 16: The resurrection and the appearance to the disciples.
XXXVIII. Luke
Author: Luke, the "beloved physician" and companion of Paul. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 60-62. Audience: Theophilus and a broader Gentile audience.
General Summary: The Gospel of the "Perfect Son of Man." Luke provides a scholarly and orderly account emphasizing the humanity of Christ and His compassion for the outcasts, the poor, and the Gentiles. In Reformed theology, Luke highlights Christ as the Second Adam who restores what the first Adam lost.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The births of John and Jesus; the songs of Mary and Zechariah.
- Ch. 3-4: The genealogy (to Adam) and the beginning of the Galilean ministry.
- Ch. 5-9: Miracles, the calling of the apostles, and the sermon on the plain.
- Ch. 10-18: The "Travel Narrative": Unique parables (Good Samaritan, Prodigal Son).
- Ch. 19-21: The entry into Jerusalem and the teachings in the Temple.
- Ch. 22-23: The Last Supper, the agony in Gethsemane, and the death of Christ.
- Ch. 24: The resurrection and the walk to Emmaus (unfolding the Scriptures).
XXXIX. John
Author: John, the "beloved disciple." Time of Writing: c. A.D. 85-90. Audience: The universal Church.
General Summary: The Gospel of the "Eternal Son of God." Unlike the Synoptics, John focuses on the deity of Christ and the spiritual necessity of the New Birth. It is foundational for Reformed Christology, emphasizing that Jesus is the Word made flesh and the sovereign Giver of eternal life.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Prologue: The Word became flesh.
- Ch. 2-4: The Book of Signs: Water to wine, Nicodemus, and the Samaritan woman.
- Ch. 5-10: The "I AM" discourses and the growing hostility of the Jews.
- Ch. 11-12: The raising of Lazarus and the entry into the final week.
- Ch. 13-17: The Upper Room Discourse and the High Priestly Prayer.
- Ch. 18-19: The arrest, trial, and the cry of "It is finished."
- Ch. 20-21: The resurrection appearances and the restoration of Peter.
Acts of the Apostles
XL. Acts of the Apostles
Author: Luke, the "beloved physician" and traveling companion of the Apostle Paul. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 62-64, prior to the end of Paul's first Roman imprisonment. Audience: Theophilus (a Roman official) and the burgeoning New Covenant Church.
General Summary: The book of "The Gospel in Progress." It serves as the vital link between the life of Christ and the life of the Church. Reformed theology views this book as the record of the "Acts of the Ascended Christ," proving that He continues to rule His Kingdom from the right hand of the Father through the Holy Spirit. It chronicles the transition from a primarily Jewish body to a global Church, the establishment of the Presbyterian form of government (Acts 15), and the sovereign expansion of the Word of God despite intense persecution.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The forty days of instruction, the Ascension of Christ, and the election of Matthias to the Apostleship.
- Ch. 2: The Day of Pentecost: The outpouring of the Holy Spirit, Peter's first sermon, and the conversion of three thousand.
- Ch. 3-4: The healing of the lame man at the Temple gate and the first trial of Peter and John before the Sanhedrin.
- Ch. 5: The judgment of Ananias and Sapphira for their hypocrisy; the miraculous deliverance of the Apostles from prison.
- Ch. 6-7: The appointment of the first Deacons and the sermon and martyrdom of Stephen.
- Ch. 8: The spread of the Gospel to Samaria through Philip and the conversion of the Ethiopian Eunuch.
- Ch. 9: The miraculous conversion of Saul of Tarsus on the Damascus road and the restoration of Tabitha.
- Ch. 10-11: The vision of Peter at Joppa and the inclusion of the Gentiles (Cornelius); the defense of the Gentile mission in Jerusalem.
- Ch. 12: The execution of James the brother of John, the miraculous escape of Peter, and the judgment of Herod.
- Ch. 13-14: Paul's First Missionary Journey: The mission to Cyprus and Galatia and the stoning at Lystra.
- Ch. 15: The Jerusalem Council: The formal rejection of the necessity of the Ceremonial Law for salvation.
- Ch. 16-18: Paul's Second Missionary Journey: The call to Macedonia and the establishment of churches in Philippi, Thessalonica, and Corinth.
- Ch. 19-20: Paul's Third Missionary Journey: The long ministry at Ephesus and the farewell to the Ephesian elders at Miletus.
- Ch. 21-23: Paul's final visit to Jerusalem, his arrest in the Temple, and his defense before the Jewish council.
- Ch. 24-26: Paul's imprisonment at Caesarea and his defenses before governors Felix and Festus, and King Agrippa.
- Ch. 27-28: The hazardous voyage to Rome, the shipwreck at Melita (Malta), and the arrival of the Gospel in the imperial city.
Pauline Epistles
XLI. Romans
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 57-58, written from Corinth toward the end of his third missionary journey. Audience: The believers in Rome, both Jewish and Gentile converts.
General Summary: The "Cathedral of the Christian Faith." Romans is the most systematic and profound exposition of the Gospel in the New Testament. It establishes the foundational Reformed pillars: the Total Depravity of all men, Justification by Faith Alone through the Imputation of Christ's righteousness, and the sovereign, unconditional Election of God. It provides the "Golden Chain" of salvation, showing that those whom God foreknew, He also predestined, called, justified, and glorified.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1:1-17: Introduction: The power of the Gospel for salvation to everyone who believes.
- Ch. 1:18-32: The Guilt of the Gentile World: God's wrath against unrighteousness and the abandonment to a reprobate mind.
- Ch. 2: The Guilt of the Jewish World: The failure of the Law and circumcision to save the heart apart from grace.
- Ch. 3: The Universal Verdict: None is righteous; Justification provided freely through the propitiation in Christ's blood.
- Ch. 4: Abraham as the Pattern: Justification by faith established prior to and apart from the Law.
- Ch. 5: The Two Adams: Peace with God and the doctrine of Original Sin versus the Abounding Grace of the Second Adam.
- Ch. 6: Dead to Sin, Alive to God: The doctrine of Sanctification and the believer's union with Christ.
- Ch. 7: The Believer's Conflict: The relationship between the Law and sin, and the inward struggle of the regenerate man.
- Ch. 8: Life in the Spirit: No condemnation, the witness of adoption, and the inseparable love of God in Christ.
- Ch. 9: Divine Sovereignty: God's freedom in election (Jacob and Esau) and His right as the Potter over the clay.
- Ch. 10: The Gospel for All: The necessity of preaching and the confession of Christ as Lord.
- Ch. 11: The Remnant of Israel: The mystery of the olive tree and the future ingrafting of the Jews.
- Ch. 12-13: Christian Ethics: Spiritual worship, the use of gifts, and submission to civil authorities.
- Ch. 14-15: Christian Liberty: Bearing with the weak and the expansion of the Gospel to the Gentiles.
- Ch. 16: Final Commendations: Personal greetings and the closing doxology.
XLII. 1 Corinthians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 55-56, from Ephesus. Audience: The Church of God at Corinth.
General Summary: The book of "Covenantal Order." Paul writes to a church rich in spiritual gifts but poor in spiritual maturity. From a Reformed perspective, this letter establishes the "Regulative Principle" of the church - that all things must be done decently and in order. It addresses the supremacy of the Cross over human philosophy and provides the definitive instructions for the administration of the Lord's Supper.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The division of the church and the "foolishness" of the preaching of the Cross.
- Ch. 3-4: The nature of the Gospel ministry: Ministers as stewards and laborers under God.
- Ch. 5: Church Discipline: The necessity of purging the leaven of gross immorality.
- Ch. 6: Lawsuits among believers and the sanctity of the body as the Temple of the Holy Spirit.
- Ch. 7: Marriage and Celibacy: Instructions for the various states of life in relation to the Lord.
- Ch. 8-10: Christian Liberty: The use of knowledge and the avoidance of offense regarding idols.
- Ch. 11: The Order of Worship: Headship in the assembly and the institution of the Lord's Supper.
- Ch. 12-13: Spiritual Gifts: The unity of the Body and the "more excellent way" of Love.
- Ch. 14: The Regulation of Gifts: The priority of prophecy (preaching) for the edification of the Church.
- Ch. 15: The Resurrection: The historical reality and theological necessity of Christ's rising.
- Ch. 16: The collection for the saints, final plans, and the final benediction.
XLIII. 2 Corinthians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 56-57. Audience: The Church at Corinth.
General Summary: The book of "The Gospel Ministry." This is Paul's most personal and emotional defense of his apostleship. It highlights the Reformed doctrine of "strength in weakness," teaching that God's power is best displayed through "earthen vessels." It contains the clearest definition of the Great Exchange: Christ being made sin for us that we might be made the righteousness of God.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The God of all comfort and the restoration of the sorrowing, repentant sinner.
- Ch. 3: The Glory of the New Covenant: The Spirit versus the Letter.
- Ch. 4-5: The Ministry of Reconciliation: Enduring affliction in view of the eternal weight of glory.
- Ch. 6-7: Separation and Sanctification: The call to holiness and the joy of godly repentance.
- Ch. 8-9: Christian Beneficence: The principles of cheerful and proportional giving to the Church.
- Ch. 10-12: Paul's Defense: His authority, his "thorn in the flesh," and his boasting in infirmity.
- Ch. 13: The Final Warning: The call to self-examination to see if one is in the faith.
XLIV. Galatians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 48-49. Audience: The churches of Galatia.
General Summary: The "Magna Carta of Christian Liberty." This letter is the definitive defense of Justification by Faith Alone (Sola Fide). It was the primary weapon used by the Reformers to strike down the error of merit-based salvation. It argues that to add the Ceremonial Law to the Gospel is to desert Christ for a "different gospel."
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Divine Authority of Paul's Gospel and a curse upon any who pervert it.
- Ch. 2: The conflict at Antioch: Paul's rebuke of Peter and the defense of Gentile liberty.
- Ch. 3: The Law and the Promise: The Law as a "schoolmaster" to lead the sinner to Christ.
- Ch. 4: Sons, Not Slaves: The doctrine of Adoption and the allegory of Hagar and Sarah.
- Ch. 5: Standing Fast in Liberty: The conflict between the Flesh and the Spirit.
- Ch. 6: The Law of Christ: Bearing one another's burdens and glorying only in the Cross.
XLV. Ephesians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 60-62. Audience: The church at Ephesus and surrounding Asian churches.
General Summary: The book of "The Mystery of the Church." It presents the cosmic scope of redemption. Reformed theology focuses on the first chapter as the classic text for the doctrine of Unconditional Election. It shows that the Church is a single, new humanity created in Christ Jesus, established before the foundation of the world.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Decree of God: Election, Predestination, and the Sealing of the Spirit.
- Ch. 2: The Work of Grace: Being "made alive" while dead in trespasses; the unity of Jew and Gentile.
- Ch. 3: The Hidden Mystery: The revelation of Christ's unsearchable riches to the nations.
- Ch. 4: The Unity of the Body: The diversity of gifts for the building up of the saints.
- Ch. 5: Walking in Love: The imitation of God and the mystery of Christ and His Bride (Marriage).
- Ch. 6: The Christian Warfare: The duties of households and the Whole Armor of God.
XLVI. Philippians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 61-62. Audience: The church at Philippi.
General Summary: The book of "The Mind of Christ." It is a pastoral thank-you letter that emphasizes the joy found in the sovereign advancement of the Gospel. It contains the Carmen Christi (the song of Christ) in Chapter 2, which is fundamental to Reformed Christology - detailing Christ's voluntary humiliation and subsequent exaltation.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: To Live is Christ: Paul's joy in bonds and his desire for the progress of the faith.
- Ch. 2: The Humility of the Son: The example of Christ's servanthood and the call to work out our salvation.
- Ch. 3: The True Circumcision: Counting all legalistic righteousness as loss for the sake of Christ.
- Ch. 4: The Peace of God: Contentment in all things through the strength of Christ.
XLVII. Colossians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 60-62. Audience: The church at Colossae.
General Summary: The book of "The Fullness of Christ." Written to refute a "Colossian Heresy" that combined legalism with mysticism. It asserts the absolute preeminence of Christ in both creation and redemption. For the Reformed, it is a key text for "Christus Victor" - Christ triumphing over the principalities and powers at the Cross.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Supremacy of Christ: The Image of the Invisible God and the Reconciler of all things.
- Ch. 2: The Sufficiency of Christ: Warning against philosophy, legalism, and the shadows of the Law.
- Ch. 3: The Heavenly Life: Putting off the old man and putting on the new man in Christ.
- Ch. 4: The Social Life: Instructions for prayer, wisdom toward outsiders, and final greetings.
XLVIII. 1 Thessalonians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 51. Audience: The church at Thessalonica.
General Summary: The book of "The Hope of the Saints." Paul encourages a young church facing persecution. It provides the definitive Reformed teaching on the "Coming of the Lord" and the state of those who have "fallen asleep" in Christ, ensuring they will not be missed at the resurrection.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The Power of the Word: The evidence of their election and Paul's fatherly labor.
- Ch. 3: The Strengthening of Faith: Timothy's report and Paul's prayer for their holiness.
- Ch. 4: The Sanctified Life: Sexual purity and the hope of the Lord's descent from heaven.
- Ch. 5: The Day of the Lord: Watchfulness, sobriety, and the duties of the church.
XLIX. 2 Thessalonians
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 51-52. Audience: The church at Thessalonica.
General Summary: The book of "The Righteous Judgment." It corrects errors regarding the timing of Christ's return. Reformed commentators traditionally use the second chapter to identify the "Man of Sin" and the nature of the Great Apostasy that precedes the final day.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Comfort of Judgment: The rest for the troubled and the vengeance on the disobedient.
- Ch. 2: The Man of Sin: The warning against being shaken by false reports concerning the Day of the Lord.
- Ch. 3: The Duty of Diligence: Warning against idleness and the command to stand fast.
L. 1 Timothy
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 62-64. Audience: Timothy, Paul's "true son in the faith."
General Summary: The "First Pastoral Epistle." It provides the blueprint for the organization and behavior of the local church. It establishes the qualifications for Elders and Deacons and emphasizes that the Church is the "pillar and ground of the truth."
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Use of the Law: Guarding against false teachers and the "chief of sinners" saved by grace.
- Ch. 2: Public Worship: Prayer for authorities and the role of women in the assembly.
- Ch. 3: The Church Officers: The spiritual and moral qualifications for Bishops (Elders) and Deacons.
- Ch. 4: The Good Minister: Warning against apostasy and the command to exercise unto godliness.
- Ch. 5: The Care of the Body: Proper honor for widows and the discipline of Elders.
- Ch. 6: The Fight of Faith: The danger of greed and the charge to the wealthy.
LI. 2 Timothy
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 66-67. Audience: Timothy.
General Summary: The "Second Pastoral Epistle." This is Paul's final letter. It is an intimate charge to the next generation of ministers to "Preach the Word." It contains the definitive Reformed statement on the Inspiration of Scripture - that all Scripture is breathed out by God (Theopneustos).
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Spirit of Power: The call to unashamed suffering for the Gospel.
- Ch. 2: The Approved Workman: Enduring hardness and rightly dividing the Word of Truth.
- Ch. 3: The Perilous Times: The character of the last days and the sufficiency of the Holy Scriptures.
- Ch. 4: The Final Charge: Preaching the Word in season and out; Paul's own departure.
LII. Titus
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 62-64. Audience: Titus, serving in Crete.
General Summary: The "Third Pastoral Epistle." It focuses on the necessity of ordering the church. It emphasizes that the Grace of God which brings salvation also "trains us" to live soberly and righteously, linking sound doctrine directly to good works.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Order of the Church: Appointing Elders and rebuking false teachers.
- Ch. 2: The Sound Doctrine: Instructions for all ages and the basis of the Gospel.
- Ch. 3: The Basis of Good Works: Not by works of righteousness, but by the washing of regeneration.
LIII. Philemon
Author: Paul the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 60-62. Audience: Philemon.
General Summary: The "Letter of Reconciliation." A masterpiece of Christian intercession. Paul asks Philemon to receive his runaway slave, Onesimus, back as a "beloved brother." In Reformed theology, it is a beautiful illustration of Imputation: Paul asks that Onesimus's debt be "put on his account," just as our sin was put on Christ's.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- v. 1-7: The Greeting and the Commendation of Philemon's love and faith.
- v. 8-21: The Appeal for Onesimus: The request for forgiveness and reconciliation.
- v. 22-25: Final Greetings and Benediction.
General Epistles
LIV. Hebrews
Author: Uncertain; traditionally attributed to Paul, though some Reformed scholars (following Calvin) suggest Luke, Clement, or Apollos. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 64-68, prior to the destruction of the Temple. Audience: Jewish Christians tempted to apostatize by returning to the Old Testament sacrificial system.
General Summary: The book of "The Superiority of Christ." Hebrews is the definitive Reformed text for understanding the relationship between the Covenants. It argues that the Old Covenant was a shadow and type, while Christ is the substance and reality. It presents Jesus as the final and perfect High Priest after the order of Melchizedek, whose once-for-all sacrifice renders the Levitical system obsolete.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1-2: The Deity of Christ: Superior to angels and the prophets; the necessity of His true humanity.
- Ch. 3-4: The Greater Moses: Christ as the builder of the house and the provider of the Sabbath rest.
- Ch. 5-7: The Order of Melchizedek: The eternal and unchangeable priesthood of the Son of God.
- Ch. 8: The New Covenant: The fulfillment of Jeremiah's prophecy and the fading of the Old.
- Ch. 9-10: The Perfect Sacrifice: The blood of Christ vs. the blood of bulls; the finality of the Cross.
- Ch. 11: The Cloud of Witnesses: The nature of faith and the history of the Old Testament saints.
- Ch. 12: The Discipline of the Father: Running the race and the contrast of Sinai and Zion.
- Ch. 13: The Out-of-the-Camp Life: Moral exhortations and the duty of the Church to its leaders.
LV. James
Author: James, the brother of the Lord and elder of the church in Jerusalem. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 45-48, likely the earliest New Testament book. Audience: The "Twelve Tribes" of the Dispersion (Jewish Christians).
General Summary: The book of "The Fruit of Faith." While some have sought to pit James against Paul, Reformed theology harmonizes them: Paul defines the cause of justification (faith alone), while James defines the evidence of justification (works). It is a manual of practical wisdom, emphasizing that a faith that does not produce a changed life is "dead" and merely a mental assent.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: Faith under Trial: The purpose of suffering, the source of temptation, and being "doers of the Word."
- Ch. 2: Faith and Partiality: The sin of favoritism and the necessary union of faith and works.
- Ch. 3: The Power of the Tongue: The danger of the speech and the two types of wisdom (earthly vs. heavenly).
- Ch. 4: The Spirit of the World: Warning against pride, worldliness, and presumptuous planning.
- Ch. 5: The Patience of the Just: Judgment on the oppressive rich and the efficacy of the prayer of faith.
LVI. 1 Peter
Author: Peter the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 63-64, written from "Babylon" (Rome). Audience: "Elect exiles" scattered throughout Asia Minor.
General Summary: The book of "The Suffering Pilgrim." Peter writes to encourage believers undergoing fiery trials. It emphasizes the Reformed doctrine of the "Royal Priesthood" of all believers and teaches that our suffering is not accidental, but part of God's sovereign plan to refine our faith.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Living Hope: Our imperishable inheritance and the "salvation of souls" prophesied of old.
- Ch. 2: The Spiritual House: Christ the Cornerstone and the duties of the people of God in a pagan world.
- Ch. 3: The Godly Household: Duties of husbands/wives and the reason for the hope that is in us.
- Ch. 4: The Fiery Trial: Stewardship of gifts and joy in being partakers of Christ's sufferings.
- Ch. 5: The Shepherd of the Flock: Exhortations to elders and the humility to cast cares on God.
LVII. 2 Peter
Author: Peter the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 65-67, shortly before his death. Audience: The Church at large.
General Summary: The book of "True Knowledge." Peter warns against false teachers who infiltrate the church to introduce destructive heresies and deny the Second Coming. It contains the vital Reformed teaching on the "Sure Word of Prophecy" and the ultimate destruction and renewal of the world.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Precious Promises: Growing in grace and the confirmation of our calling and election.
- Ch. 2: The False Teachers: Their character, their secret introduction of error, and their certain judgment.
- Ch. 3: The Day of the Lord: The refutation of scoffers and the promise of the New Heavens and New Earth.
LVIII. 1 John
Author: John the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 85-95. Audience: The Church, specifically those threatened by early Gnosticism.
General Summary: The book of "Covenant Assurance." John provides a series of tests (doctrinal, moral, and social) so that believers may know they have eternal life. It emphasizes the propitiation of Christ and the necessity of walking in the light.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Word of Life: Fellowship with the Father and the necessity of confessing sin.
- Ch. 2: The Advocate: The command to love and the warning against "antichrists" who deny the Son.
- Ch. 3: The Children of God: The purifying hope of Christ's return and the evidence of brotherly love.
- Ch. 4: Testing the Spirits: The definition of God's love and the incarnation of Jesus as the test of truth.
- Ch. 5: The Victory of Faith: The three witnesses and the certainty of answered prayer in Christ.
LIX. 2 John
Author: John the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 85-95. Audience: "The elect lady and her children" (likely a specific local church).
General Summary: The book of "Truth and Vigilance." This brief letter warns against showing hospitality to those who bring false doctrine, particularly those who deny the physical incarnation of Christ.
Breakdown of Pericopes:
- v. 1-6: Walking in Truth: The greeting and the command to love one another according to the Word.
- v. 7-13: The Danger of Deceivers: The command to refuse fellowship to those who abide not in the doctrine of Christ.
LX. 3 John
Author: John the Apostle. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 85-95. Audience: Gaius, a beloved brother.
General Summary: The book of "Christian Hospitality." John commends Gaius for his faithfulness and rebukes the pride of Diotrephes, who refused to receive the apostles' messengers, demonstrating the need for order and humility in church leadership.
Breakdown of Pericopes:
- v. 1-8: The Commendation of Gaius: Joy in his walking in truth and his support of traveling ministers.
- v. 9-15: The Rebuke of Diotrephes and the good report of Demetrius.
LXI. Jude
Author: Jude (Judas), the brother of James and the Lord. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 65-80. Audience: "Those who are called, beloved in God the Father and kept for Jesus Christ."
General Summary: The book of "Contending for the Faith." Jude writes a vigorous warning against "ungodly people" who pervert the grace of God into sensuality. It utilizes historical examples of divine judgment (Sodom, Egypt, fallen angels) to warn the church to remain steadfast.
Breakdown of Pericopes:
- v. 1-4: The Call to Arms: The necessity of contending for the faith once delivered to the saints.
- v. 5-16: The Description of Apostates: Their historical types and their certain doom.
- v. 17-23: The Duty of Believers: Building up the faith, praying in the Spirit, and showing mercy with fear.
- v. 24-25: The Doxology: The praise of Him who is able to keep us from falling.
Revelation
LXII. Revelation (The Apocalypse)
Author: John the Apostle, writing from exile on the Isle of Patmos. Time of Writing: c. A.D. 95-96, during the reign of Domitian. Audience: The Seven Churches of Asia Minor and the Church of all ages.
General Summary: The book of "The Triumph of the Lamb." It is the only prophetic book of the New Testament, using highly symbolic and apocalyptic language to reveal the "things which must shortly come to pass." Reformed commentators emphasize that the book is intended to comfort a persecuted Church by showing that Christ is currently reigning from His throne, that He governs all historical upheavals, and that He will certainly return to judge the wicked and dwell eternally with His Bride.
Breakdown of Chapter Pericopes:
- Ch. 1: The Vision of the Glorified Christ: The Son of Man amidst the seven golden lampstands.
- Ch. 2-3: The Letters to the Seven Churches: Commendations and rebukes for the historical churches in Asia.
- Ch. 4-5: The Throne Room of Heaven: The worship of the Creator and the Lamb who is worthy to open the Seven Seals.
- Ch. 6-7: The Seven Seals: The cycles of war, famine, and death; the sealing of the 144,000 (the complete Church).
- Ch. 8-11: The Seven Trumpets: Divine warnings and judgments; the ministry of the Two Witnesses.
- Ch. 12: The Woman and the Dragon: The cosmic war between the Church and Satan; the birth of the Man-Child.
- Ch. 13: The Two Beasts: The rise of earthly antichristian power and false religion.
- Ch. 14: The Harvest of the Earth: The Lamb on Mount Zion and the announcement of the fall of Babylon.
- Ch. 15-16: The Seven Bowls: The final outpouring of the wrath of God upon the unrepentant world.
- Ch. 17-18: The Doom of Babylon: The judgment of the harlot city and the mourning of the world's merchants.
- Ch. 19: The Marriage Supper of the Lamb: The return of Christ as the Word of God, King of kings, and Lord of lords.
- Ch. 20: The Thousand Years and the Final Judgment: The binding of Satan, the reign of the saints, and the Great White Throne.
- Ch. 21-22: The New Creation: The New Jerusalem descending from heaven; the eternal state of the Redeemed.
Project Bibliography & Source Documentation
Primary Commentaries & Outlines
Poole, Matthew. Annotations upon the Holy Bible: Wherein the Sacred Text is Inserted, and Various Readings Annexed, Together with the Parallel Scriptures. London: John Richardson, 1683-1685.
Digital Access: Bible Hub - Matthew Poole's Commentary
Archive Edition: Internet Archive - Digital Folios
Downame, John, et al. Annotations upon all the Books of the Old and New Testament: Wherein the Text is Explained, Doubts Resolved, Scriptures Parallelled, and Various Readings Observed. London: John Legatt and John Raworth, 1645. (Commonly known as the Westminster Annotations).
Digital Access: University of Michigan - EEBO Digital Collection
Archive Edition: Internet Archive - 1645 Edition
Theological Framework
- Tradition: 17th-Century English Presbyterian / Reformed.
- Hermeneutics: Covenantal, Historicist/Amillennial, and Paedobaptist.
- Structure: Chapter pericope breakdowns are derived from the Large Contents outlines found in the 1700 expanded editions of Matthew Poole's work.
About This Project
"To the glory of God, and the good of His people."
This project is dedicated to the edification of the Church through the lens of Covenantal and Reformed theology. These summaries and chapter breakdowns are curated to honor the historical heritage of the Westminster Standards, seeking to provide a consistent and faithful framework for the public's use. Our aim is to offer a clear, historic perspective on the Holy Scriptures that preserves the unity of the Word and serves the saints for generations to come.
Source Documentation & Public Use
Primary Scholarly Foundations
- Matthew Poole (1624-1679): Annotations upon the Holy Bible.
Searchable Text via Bible Hub - The Westminster Divines (John Downame, et al.): Annotations upon all the Books of the Old and New Testament.
Digital Collection via University of Michigan (EEBO)
License & Usage
The historical data provided here is in the Public Domain. It is offered freely to the public as a resource for the study of the Word of God in accordance with our historic Reformed faith.
Project Description
The Reformed Biblical Compendium is a systematic digital resource designed to restore the depth of 17th-century pastoral scholarship to the modern reader. Rather than relying on contemporary brief summaries, this work utilizes the "Large Contents" of the Westminster era - specifically the exhaustive outlines of Matthew Poole - to provide a granular, chapter-by-chapter roadmap of the entire biblical canon.
By anchoring every book introduction in a Covenantal hermeneutic, this project ensures that the organic unity of the Old and New Testaments is maintained. It avoids the fragmentation of modern interpretive trends, focusing instead on the "Grand Narrative" of Redemption: the sovereignty of God, the total sufficiency of Christ's work, and the unfolding of the Covenant of Grace across human history. It is a tool built for the student, the teacher, and the family, intended to foster a deeper love for the Truth that is according to godliness.
This material was gathered together and assembled by ~ john
It is my prayer that any use you find for it may draw you closer to our God and you may serve Him fuller in every day and way.